History of Architecture


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MORE REVIEWS… ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY

EXAMPLE OF BUILDINGS/ STRUCTURES
Prehistoric Period
  1. Beehives,
  2. huts,
  3. caves,
  4. tents,
  5. Stonehenge, England
  6. igloos
Egyptian
  1. Sphinx,
  2. Pyramids,
  3. Obelisks,
  4. Mastaba Tombs,
  5. Great Temple,
  6. Abu-Simbel,
  7. Temple of Khons,
Ancient Near East (Mesopotamia)
  1. Ziggurat of Ur,
  2. persepolis,
  3. hall of the hundred columns
Pre-Columbian, Maya, Aztec, Mexico, Peru
  1. Temple Pyramid of the Sun,
  2. Citadel Teotihuacan,
  3. Temple of the Giant Jaguar,
  4. Great Plaza of Tenochtitlan Machu Picchu, Peru
Greek
  1. Acropolis,
  2. Parthenon-temple,
  3. Agora,
  4. ODEION theatre,
  5. stoa, - ancient covered walkway, usually with a wall on one side and a row of columns at the other
  6. Mausoleum Sarcophagus,
  7. open hillside theatres
Roman
  1. Pantheon,
  2. Forums,
  3. Basilicas
  4. Thermae,
  5. Amphitheatres,
  6. Colosseum Coemeteria,
  7. Triumphal arch,
  8. gateways,
  9. aqueducts
Early Christian
  1. Basilican Churches,
  2. Baptisteries
Byzantine
  1. St. Sophia, Constantinople
  2. St. Mark, Venice
Islamic
  1. The great mosques,
  2. Damascus & Cordoba,
  3. Kiosk @ Istanbul
  4. Taj mahal mausoleum @ Agra
  5. Tomb of Humayun, Delhi
Romanesque
  1. St, Zeno,
  2. Maggiore Monastery,
  3. Leaning Tower,
  4. Cathedral & Baptistery of Pisa,
  5. Castles, fortifications,
  6. chateus, Manor houses
Gothic
  1. Notre Dame Cathedral,
  2. Paris Canterbury Cathedral,
  3. King’s College,
  4. Canterbury Town Halls,
  5. Skippers house @ Ghent
Renaissance
  1. Palazzo Ricardi @ Florence,
  2. St. Peter’s PIAZZA,
  3. Cathedral Vatican,
  4. Palais du louvre,
  5. Paris Chateu Maisons,
  6. St Paul’s Cathedral, London,
  7. Guild Houses @ Brussels
Britain
  1. Westminster New Palace (House of Parliament), London
  2. Crystal Palace, London [???]
  3. University Museum, Oxford
  4. Red House, Kent
  5. Cathedral @ Guildford
Continental Europe
  1. Eiffel tower, [???]
  2. New louvre,
  3. Paris Opera House,
  4. Paris & cologne.
Americas
  1. the White House
  2. Washington D.C., U.S. Capitol
  3. Boston Empire State Building,
  4. English Country Houses
  5. Bungalows
Modern/ International
  1. Salginatobel Bridge,
  2. Einstein Tower, Eirch Mendelsohn
  3. Chapel of Notre Dame, Le Corbusier
  4. Johnson Wax Building, Frank Lloyd Wright
  5. Falling Water, Frank Lloyd Wright
  6. Dulles International Airport, Eero saarinen
  7. Guggenheim Museum, Frank Lloyd wright
  8. Sydney opera House, Jorn Utzon
  9. Geodesic dome, Buckminster Fuller

ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERS OF COUNTRY
GIEHADCBF
Pre-historic Period
  1. Temporary shelter from perishable materials
  2. Caves
  3. Rocks on top of each other
  4. Hard-packed snow blocks
  5. animal skins
Egyptian
  1. Battered or sloping outside walls
  2. Columns & Capitals from vegetable origins
  3. Papyrus Buds, Lotus Flower walls of mud brick, thick & 9M high
  4. Unbroken massive walls adorned with hieroglyphics
Ancient Near East (Mesopotamia)
  1. Abundance of clay-provided bricks
  2. Roofs flat outside
  3. Architecture was arcuated winged deity and winged human headed lion used as décor
  4. Houses of one room, entered by a single door & without windows
Pre-Columbian, America [Maya-Aztec-Mexico-Peru]
  1. Temple pyramids are approached by a single steep flight of steps.
  2. Stone [finely dressed, carved, or laid as roughly dressed rubble] was employed for all important buildings
Greek
  1. Columnar & trabeated (have horizontal beams rather than archs)
  2. Wooden roofs were untrussed
  3. Ceilings sometimes omitted
  4. optical illusions were corrected, in Greek Temples
  5. Doric, Ionic, Corinthian [orders of columns]
Roman
  1. The arch & the vault was developed
  2. Two orders of architecture added [Tuscan & Composite]
  3. Concrete is now used [composition of lime, sand, pozzolana & broken bricks or small stones.
Early Christian
  1. Widely Spaced Columns carrying semi-circular arches
  2. Basilican Churches have 3 to 5 aisles, covered by a simple timber roof
  3. Mosaic decoration added internally
  4. separate buildings used for baptism or baptisteries
Byzantine
  1. Novel development of the Dome to cover polygonal and square plans of churches
  2. Tomb & baptisteries by means of “pendentives”
  3. ‘Fresco” decoration using marble & mosaic
Islamic
  1. Bulbous or onion dome
  2. Minarets
  3. stalactite moulding
  4. cresting: decorative roof ridge: an ornamental ridge on a roof
  5. painted arch
C F G E B A D
Romanesque
  1. Ribbed & panel, cross vaults;
  2. plaster strips, arcades, rose windows,
  3. Sober (serious/ not fanciful)& dignified style
  4. Formal massing depends on the grouping of towers and the projection of transepts & choir.
Gothic
  1. Pointed arch
  2. buttress, flying buttress
  3. gargoyles, decorated vaulting
  4. rose & lancet windows ploughshare twist
  5. variety of open roofs (trussed, tie-beam, collar)
Renaissance
  1. Rusticated masonry, (rough masonry)
  2. Quoins, Balusters
  3. domes or raised drums
  4. pediments one within the other
  5. rococo
  6. baroque style
  7. mansard roof
  8. salon
Britain
  1. Picturesque values
  2. Reflected in the predilection (liking) for highly textured, colorful materials, asymmetry & informality.
  3. palazzo style was a triumph of national ecclesiasticism
  4. New functions & techniques produced new forms
  5. Taller buildings were designed due to concrete & cast iron frames.
  6. New materials were used due to the effect of canals
  7. Railroad systems, central heating & elevator or lift
Continental Europe
  1. Repetition of standard bays, both plan & elevation, an affinity (similarity) with bay system, programmatically adopted with the introduction of iron construction
Americas
  1. Neo-classic & Greek revival was followed
  2. Baloon frame was introduced
  3. The skyscraper was contributed related to metal frame construction
  4. The non-load-bearing curtain wall & the elevator
Modern/ International
  1. Free-standing glass sheath suspended on a framework across the face of the building or curtain wall.
  2. Art Noveau and Bauhaus was developed
  3. Enormous Spans unobstructed were at length achieved with concrete.
  4. Steel is used in space-frame
D F G A C E B
India/ Pakistan
  1. Hindu worship is an individual act
  2. Buddhist religious buildings or shrines took the form of STUPAS (Buddhist shrine or pagoda), and are designed for congregational use.
  3. Mouldings have BULBOUS character
  4. The TORUS moulding is used
  5. Various BAS reliefs  depicting scenes of daily life and story of Buddha
  6. The female form in its voluptuous (sensual) form is often used
Sri Lanka
  1. Rock Temples, with square or octagonal pillars
  2. A circular relic house (wata-dage) built in stone & brick is an outstanding architectural creation.
  3. Architecture of wood, with high pitched roofs, with wide eaves, slightly curved, finished with small flat shingles and terra cotta tiles.
  4. Windows with lacquered wood bars, carved timber doorways, ornamental metalwork door furniture, painted walls.
Afghanistan, Nepal, Tibet
  1. Cupola Roofs (dome shaped roof or dome on roof), spanning with arched squinches, the square chamber angles, lantern roof and coffered dome, an elaborate system of hexagon, each containing the statue of Buddha
  2. The “SIKHARA” & “PAGODA” temples survive. 
  3. A monumental pillar generally supporting a metal superstructure adorned with mystic symbols, groups of divinities and portraits statuary of royalties. 
  4. Windows have intricate lattice screens and roof have red curved tiles, metal gutters and projecting cornice and fancifully decorated with carving, embossing, tinkling bells and hanging lamps. 
  5. The monastery is fortress-like sited on hill tops.
  6. Pillars and beams are painted “yellow or red” and “painted silks” hang from the roof.
Burma, Cambodia, Thailand, Indonesia
1.    Stepped Temple Pyramid, terraced on a hill
2.    Using stone without mortar fitted perfectly and numerous colossal towers
3.    Religious buildings overlaid with ornamentation of Chinese characters, surfaces often finished with porcelain tile
4.    Walls are white stucco, (wall plaster)
5.    multi-leveled overlapping timber roofs
6.    Gables and bargeboard decorated with Hindu iconography.
7.    Doors and window shutters are of carved wood, lacquered in black and gold.
China
  1. Roof ridges are laden with elaborate ornamental cresting and the up-tilted angles are adorned with fantastic dragons and grotesque ornament.(distorted bizarre)
  2. Roofs one on top of the other using S-shape enameled tiles.
  3. Roof framing in “rectangle” and not triangle.
  4. Use of bright colors
  5. Column brackets are decorated with birds, flowers and dragons.
Japan
  1. Light and delicate timber construction is refined by a minute carving & decoration
  2. Dominant roofs characterized by their exquisite (beautiful/superb) curvature, supported by a succession of brackets
  3. Upper part of the roof is terminated by a gable placed vertically above the end walls
  4. Rooms are regulated by a “KEN” Tatami mats.
  5. Love of nature: using stone, lantern & bonsai.
Philippines
  1. Use of indigenous (natural) materials for houses like bamboo, palm leaves, sturdy wooden posts, carved wooden sidings, cogon grass roof.
  2. Spanish-style high-pitched roofs,
  3. Capiz shell windows, barandillas, balconies,
  4. Coconut shell & wood design.
  5. Much use of galvanized iron sheet for roofing

DEFINITIONS
D E G F C A H B
  1. SPHINX – Mythical monsters each with the body of a lion and a head of a man, hawk, ram or woman possessed.
  2. MASTABA – An ancient Egyptian rectangular, flat-topped funerary mound with battered (sloping) sides covering a burial chamber blow ground
  3. OBELISK – Huge monoliths, square on plan and tapering to an electrum-capped (alloy of silver & gold) “pyra-midion” at the summit, which was the sacred part.  The four sides are cut with hieroglyphics.
  4. PYRAMID – A massive funerary structure of stone or brick with a square base and four sloping triangular sides meeting at the apex.
  5. BATTER – Inward inclination or slope of an outward wall
  6. STONEHENGE – Consists of a complex of “sarsen” (any of the many large sedimentary rocks that have been broken into blocks by frost action and are found scattered across the chalk downs of southern England )stones and smaller blue stones set in a circle and connected by lintels
  7. ZIGGURAT – Artificial Mountains made up of tiered (layered), rectangular stages which rose in number from one to seven
  8. HIEROGLYPHICS – Pictorial representation of religious ritual, historic events and daily pursuits
H J I G K C L E A F D B
  1. DOLMEN – An ancient structure usually regarded as a tomb, consisting of two or more large upright stones set with a space between and capped by a horizontal stone
  2. VOUSSOIRS – Any of the pieces, in the shape of a truncated wedge, which form an arch or a vault. A wedge-shaped stone: a wedge-shaped brick or stone used to form the curved parts of an arch or vault 
  3. EXEDRA  - In ancient Greece/ Rome, a room or covered area or open on one side used as a meeting place; architecture history conversation room: a room for relaxation or conversation, especially a semicircular recess in a larger hall with a continuous bench along the wall; furniture long curved outdoor bench: a long curved or semicircular outdoor bench, usually with a high back; architecture recess: any kind of recess or niche (technical) 
  4. CELLA – The sanctuary of a classical temple, containing the cult statue of the god
  5. STUPA – Domical mounds which grouped with their rails, gateways, professional paths and crowning umbrella came to be known as symbols of the universe; a Buddhist shrine, temple, or pagoda that houses a relic or marks the location of an auspicious event.
  6. ECCLECTIC – An adjective used to describe an artist who selects forms and ideas from different periods or countries and combines them to produce a harmonious whole.
  7. SOFFIT (???)– The exposed undersurface of any overhead component of a building such as an arch, balcony, beam, cornice, lintel or vault. bottom surface: the underside of a structural component of a building, for example the underside of a roof overhang or the inner curve of an arch 
  8. FORTRESS – a large fortified (armed) place; a fort often including a town; any place of security.
  9. PENDENTIVE– the term applied to the triangular curved overhanging surface by means of which a circular dome is supported over a square or polygonal compartment. a sloping triangular piece of vaulting between the arches that support a dome and its rim
  10. MAYAN TEMPLE PYRAMID – Pre-Columbian edifice dedicated to the service or worship of their god which is made of stones entered by a single door to a very steep single flight of steps, above it rises a high stone roof.
  11. PICTURESQUENESS – Term in a specialized sense to describe one of the attitudes of taste towards architecture and landscape gardening in the late 18th and early 19th century; very attractive: visually pleasing enough to be the subject of a painting or photograph
  12. FRESCO – A term originally applied painting on a wall while the plaster is wet and is not in oil colors. painting done on fresh plaster: a painting on a wall or ceiling made by brushing watercolors onto fresh damp plaster, or onto partly dry plaster
L J I H C K F B D A E G
  1. STOA – A long colonnaded building, served many purposes, used around public places and as shelter at religious shrines; an ancient covered walkway: in ancient Greece, a covered walkway, usually with a row of columns on one side and a wall on the other
  2. ATLANTES – Carved male figures serving as pillars also called TELAMONES; architecture figure of man used as support: a figure of a man, either standing or kneeling, used as a support for the upper part of a classical building
  3. ABACUS - A slab forming the crowning member of a column;
  4. ENTASIS – A swelling or curving outwards along the outline of a column shaft, designed to counteract the optical illusion which gives a shaft bounded by straight lines the appearance of curving inwards; a bulge in architectural column: a slight bulge in the shaft of a column, designed to counter the visual impression of concavity that a perfectly straight column would give 
  5. FLUTES – The vertical channeling on the shaft of a column; architecture: groove in column: a groove running down an architectural column
  6. CARYATIDS – Sculptures female figures used as columns or supports
  7. DAADO – the portion of a pedestal between its base and cornice.  A term also applied to the lower portions of walls when decorated separately.
  8. ARRIS –The sharp edge formed by the meeting of two surface usually in DORIC columns
  9. FILLETS – a small flat band between mouldings to separate them from each other. architecture flat narrow moulding: a raised or sunken ornamental surface set between larger surfaces
  10. PEDIMENT – A triangular piece of wall above the entablature enclosed by raking cornices; architecture gable on colonnade: a broad triangular or segmental gable surmounting a colonnade as the major part of a facade
  11. PLINTH – The lowest square member of the base of a column
  12. AGORA – Town square, was the center of social and business life, around which were stoas, or colonnaded porticoes, temples, markets, public buildings, monuments, shrines.
J G H K F D L I B E A C
  1. TRIUMPHAL ARCH – These are arches erected to emperors and generals commemorating victorious campaigns; has one or three openings.  Such arches were adorned with appropriate bas-reliefs (flat sculpture; slightly projecting) and usually carried grit-bronze statuary (statues considered collectively) on an attic storey and having a dedicatory inscription in its face.
  2. THERMAE – Palatial public baths of Imperial Rome raised on a high platform; hot springs: hot springs or baths, especially the public baths of ancient Rome.
  3. COLOSSEUM – Elliptical Amphitheatres are characteristically Roman buildings found in every important settlement, used to display of mortal combats (gladiatorial)
  4. AQUEDUCTS – A roman structure where immense quantities of water were required for the great thermae and for public fountains, and for domestic supply for the large population; a channel for water: a pipe or channel for moving water to a lower level, often across a great distance
  5. FORUM – Corresponds (links) to the Agora in a Greek city was a central open space, used a public meeting space, market or rendezvous for political demonstrations.
  6. PINNACLE – A turret (small rounded tower) or part of a building elevated above the main building. architecture pointed ornament: a pointed ornament on top of a buttress or parapet
  7. SARCOPHAGUS – Taken from a tomb chamber, or the ornamental treatment given to a stone coffin hewn out of one block of marble and with sculptures, figures and festoons (garland) of a late period, surmounted by lids like roofs terminating in scrolls. stone coffin: an ancient stone or marble coffin, often decorated with sculpture and inscriptions 
  8. MAUSOLEUM – A term applied to monumental tombs.  They consisted of large cylindrical blocks, often on a quadrangular podium, topped with a conical crown of earth or stone.
  9. GROINS – Line of intersection of cross-vaults.
  10. COFFER – Sunk panels, caissons or lacunaria formed in ceilings, vaults or domes; sunken panel in a ceiling: a decorative sunken panel in a ceiling
  11. BUTTRESS – A mass of masonry built against a wall to resist the pressure of an arch & vault.
  12. VAULT – an arch covering in stone or brick over any building; architecture arched ceiling: an arched structure of stone, brick, wood, or plaster that forms a ceiling or roof; a room with arched ceiling: a room, especially an underground room, with an arched ceiling
F J K L H D I C A G E B
  1. NARTHEX – A long arcaded entrance porch to a Christian Basilican Church.
  2. BAPTISTERIES – A building or a part of a church in which baptism is administered
  3. FONT – a basin usually of stone which holds the water for baptism.
  4. DOME – A vault having a circular plan, and usually in the form of a sphere portion, so constructed as to exert an equal thrust in all directions.
  5. BEMA – A raised stage in a Basilican church reserved for the clergy.
  6. ARCADE – A range of arches supported on piers or columns attached to or detached from the wall.
  7. AMBO – A raised pulpit on either side of a Basilican church from which the epistle of a gospel were read.
  8. MOSAIC - Decorative surfaces formed by small cubes of stones, glass & marble.
  9. BALDACHINO – A canopy supported by columns generally placed over an altar or tomb.  Also known as “CIBORIUM”.
  10. AISLE – A longitudinal division of an interior area, as in a church, separated from the main area by arcades or the like.
  11. NAVE – The principal or central longitudinal area of a church, extending from the main entrance or narthex to the CHANCEL (area of church near altar: an area of a church near the altar for the use of clergy and choir, often separated from the nave by a screen or steps) usually flanked by aisles of less height.
  12. APSE – The circular or multi-angular termination of a church sanctuary.  A rounded projection of a building.
H F J G K I N E P M B D O A L C
  1. KIOSK – A small pavilion, usually open – built in gardens & parks.
  2. MOSQUE – An inward-looking building whose prime purpose is for contemplation & prayer.  A space without object of adoration. (Muslim)
  3. CORBEL – A block of stone, often elaborately carved or moulded, projected from a wall, supporting the beams of a roof, floor or vault.
  4. MINARET - a tall tower in, or continuous to a mosque arch stairs leading up to one or more balconies from which the faithful are called to prayer.
  5. CHAMFER – A diagonal cutting of an arris formed by two surfaces at an angle
  6. ATRIUM – An approach or an open forecourt surrounded by arcades in a Basilican church.
  7. SQUINCH – A small arch or bracket built across each angle of a square or polygonal structure to form an octagon or other appropriate base for a dome or a spire. An interior supporting part of a tower: an arch, corbelling, or lintel built across the upper inside corner of a square tower to support the weight of a spire or other structure above 
  8. HAREM – Women’s or private quarters of a house or place in Islamic architecture.
  9. CENOTAPH – An empty tomb.  A monument erected in memory of one not interred in or under it.
  10. OGEE – A double curve, resembling the letter “S”, formed by the union of a curve and a convex line.
  11. KEYSTONE – The central stone of a semi-circular arch, sometimes sculptured.
  12. ICONOSTASIS – a screen in a Greek orthodox church on which icons or (sacred images), pictures, are placed separating the chancel from the space, open to the laity. An altar screen decorated with icons: a screen on which icons are mounted, used in Eastern Orthodox churches to separate the area around the altar from the main part of the church
  13. VERANDAH – A covered porch (porch-roofed exterior of a room) or balcony (balcony- a platform projecting from an interior or exterior wall of a building) extending along the outside of a building, planned for summer leisure.
  14. PIAZZA – A public open space in Byzantine architecture, surrounded by buildings.
  15. ARABESQUE – Geometrical ornaments due to absence of human and animal statues; an ornate design.
  16. SPANDREL – The triangular space enclosed by the curve of an arch, a vertical line from its springing, a horizontal line through its apex. A space between one arch or another. Space between two arches and a cornice.
MEDIEVAL (FRENCH)/ ROMANESQUE:  I J K H G L D B E A F C
  1. TURRET – small towers, often containing stairs, and forming special features in medieval buildings.
  2. MULLIONS – Vertical tracery members dividing windows into different numbers of light. A vertical window divider: a vertical piece of stone, metal, or wood that divides the panes of a window or the panels of a screen
  3. CHATEAU – A castle in a French-speaking country or a stately residence. A French castle: a castle or large house in France, often one that has a vineyard attached and gives its name to wine produced there
  4. FLECHE – A slender wooden spire rising from a roof. A slender church spire: a slender spire, especially one that emerges from the roof of a church at the point where the ridges intersect.
  5. NICHE – a (shell) or a recess in a wall, hallowed like a shell for a statue or ornament.
  6. BOSS – (Lump or knob) or projecting ornament at the intersection of the ribs of ceilings, whether vaulted or flat.
  7. PILASTER STRIP – Is a rectangular feature in the shape of a pillar, but projecting only about one sixth of its breadth (distance from side to side) from the wall.
  8. CHATTRIS – An umbrella shaped copula.
  9. TRACERY – The ornamental pattern work in stone, filling the upper part of a gothic window.
  10. PODIUM – The high platform on which temples were generally placed (in general, any elevate platform). A foundation wall: a low wall forming a foundation or base, for example for a colonnade
  11. TRANSEPT – The part of a cruciform church, projecting at right angles to the main building. Wings of church: the part of a cross-shaped church that runs at right angles to the long central part (nave)
  12. RIB & PANEL – Vaulting in Romanesque in which a framework of ribs supported thin stone panels.  The new method consisted in designing the profile of the transverse (crosswise or at right angle with something), longitudinal and diagonal ribs to which the form of the panels was adopted.
GOTHIC: J H K L I A D G B F C E
  1. CIMBORIO – Special term for a lantern or raised structure above a roof admitting light into the interior.
  2. LARDER – A room where food is stored; a pantry ( a walk-in cupboard); a cupboard
  3. SPIRE – The tapering termination of a tower in Gothic churches.
  4. STEEPLE – The term applied to a tower crowned by a spire
  5. WARDROBE – A room for storage of garments.
  6. CAMBER – A slight convex curvature built into a truss or beam to compensate for an anticipated deflection so that it will gave no sag when under load.
  7. COISTERS – Covered passages around an open space or “Garth”, connecting the church to the chapter house; a small courtyard or enclosed space.
  8. PANTRY – A serving room between kitchen and dining room, or a room for storage of food supplies.
  9. STELLAR VAULT – A vault in which the ribs compose a “star-shaped” pattern.
  10. MONASTERY – A building complex of a certain English order or a self-contained community used by monks.
  11. ORIEL WINDOW – A bay window especially cantilevered or corbelled out from the face of the wall by means of projecting stones.
  12. REFECTORY – The dining hall of a monastery, convent or college.
RENAISSANCE:  J F H I K B P E N D G O C L A M
  1. SCROLL – An ornament consisting of a spirally wound band, either as a running ornament or as a terminal, like the volutes of the ionic capital.
  2. PALAZZO – An Italian impressive building or private building
  3. BALUSTER – One of a number of short vertical members often circular in section used to support a stair handrail or a coping (wall’s capping surface).
  4. ROCOCO - “ROCK”; a term applied to a type of Renaissance ornament in which rock-like forms fantastic scrolls, and ‘crimped’ folded or pressed together) shells (are worked up together in a profusion and confusion of detail often without organic coherence but presenting a lavish display of decoration; Any excessively ornate or fancy style; A style of architecture and the decorative arts characterized by intricate ornamentation that was popular throughout Europe in the early 18th century.
  5. BAROQUE – In France, anything extravagantly ornamented, so ornate as to be in bad taste, a style of art and architecture in Italy in the 17th to 18th century.
  6. BELFRY – A tower not connected with “Bell”.  A term applied to the upper room in a tower in which the bells are hung.
  7. ENTABLATURE – The entire construction of a classical temple or the like, between the columns and the eaves usually composed of an architrave, frieze, and a cornice.
  8. DOGE’S HALL – (BRITISH) The hall built or used by medieval association as of merchants and tradesmen, organized to maintain standards that constituted a governing body. (Doge = Italian renaissance chief magistrate)
  9. PAVILION – (little house for pleasure & recreation).  A prominent structure, generally distinctive in character.
  10. CHANCEL – The space about the altar of a church, usually separated by a screen for the clergy and other officials, usually referred to as the “choir”.
  11. QUOINS – An eternal solid angle of a wall or the like.  One of the stones forming it, corner stone (Renaissance) A block forming a corner: a stone block used to form a quoin, especially when it is different, for example in size or material, from the other blocks or bricks in the wall
  12. CONSOLE – A “BRACKET”: is a projecting member to support a weight generally formed with scrolls or volute when carrying the upper member of the cornice.
  13. CRYPT – A space entirely or partly under a building; in churches, generally beneath the chancel and used for burial in earlier times. An underground chamber: an underground room or vault, often below a church, used as a burial chamber or chapel, or for storing religious artifacts
  14. NEWEL – The central shaft of a circular staircase.  Also applied to the post in which the handrail is framed.
  15. DOGE’S PALACE – The chief magistrate’s buildings, in the former republic of Venice & Genoa.
  16. CUPOLA – A spherical roof, (a dome-shaped roof) placed like an inverted cup over a circular square or multi-angular apartment. A dome on roof: a small dome on a roof, sometimes made of glass and providing natural light inside
K J I L G H O B D M E P A F C N
  1. VESTIBULE – An ante-room to a larger apartment of a building; An entrance hall: a small room or hall between an outer door and the main part of a building
  2. LANTERN – A construction such as a tower, at the crossing of a church rising above the neighboring roofs and glazed at the sides.
  3. WREATH – A twisted band, garland or chaplet, representing flowers, fruits leaves, often used in decoration; A circular arrangement of flowers: a circular arrangement of flowers and greenery placed as a memorial on a grave, hung up as a decoration, or put on somebody’s head as a sign of honor; a representation of wreath: a representation of a circular arrangement of flowers, vines, or other things, for example in a carving or on a coat of arms; [headdress; garland; laurel]
  4. SALON – In Renaissance, a room used primarily for exhibition of art objects, or a drawing room;[grand sitting room; social gathering of intellectuals; art exhibition or gallery]
  5. MANSARD – A roof having a double slope on four sides; the lower slope being much steeper and the flatter upper portion. Also known as the gambrel roof.
  6. NYMPHAEUM – A room decorated with plants, sculpture and fountains (often decorated with beautiful Maiden living in Rivers, trees) and intended for relaxation. [nymph: a spirit or a minor goddess of nature; or a beautiful young woman]
  7. FINIAL – An ornate iron grille, or screen, a characteristic feature of Spanish Church interiors; An architectural decoration: a carved decoration at the top of a gable, spire, or arched structure
  8. PEDESTAL – A support for a column statue or a vase, it usually consists of a base. “Die” or Dado, and a cornice or cap mould.
  9. DORMER – A window in a sloping roof usually that of a sleeping apartment. A window projecting from roof: a window for a room within the roof space that is built out at right angles to the main roof and has its own gable 
  10. HERMES – A bust (sculpture of head & shoulders) on a square pedestal instead of a human body, used in classic times to mark boundaries on highways, and used decoratively in Renaissance times.
  11. MULLION – Vertical members dividing windows into different number of lights.
  12. PATIO – A Spanish arcaded or colonnaded yard; a paved area outside a house: a paved area adjoining a house, used for outdoor dining, growing plants in containers, and recreation. A roofless courtyard: a roofless inner courtyard typical of a Spanish-style house.
  13. MODILLIONS – Also called ‘brackets” or “consoles” or “ancones”.  It is a projecting member to support a weight. generally formed with scrolls or volutes which carry the upper member of a cornice (a projecting moulding at the top of a wall or at where the wall & ceiling meets); also a bracket in Corinthian order: a small curved ornamental bracket under the corona of a Corinthian or Composite column 
  14. TRANSOM – The horizontal divisions or crossbars of windows.
  15. TABERNACLE – A decorative niche often topped with a canopy and housing a statue or an icon.
  16. AMBULATORY – (to walk) the cloister (covered walkway around a courtyard) or covered passage around the east end of the church, behind the altar.
SPANISH:  O H G L J K M E D F A P I B C N
  1. FINIAL – Also called “key pattern” the upper portion of the pinnacle [pinnacle: pointed ornament: a pointed ornament on top of a buttress or parapet]; an architectural decoration: a carved decoration at the top of a gable, spire, or arched structure
  2. DAIS – a raised platform reserved for the seating of speakers and dignitaries; a raised platform: a raised platform at the end of a hall or large room. [podium, platform, pulpit, stage]
  3. BAY WINDOW – The window of a protruded bay or the windowed bay itself. A protruding window: a rounded or three-sided window that sticks out from an outside wall and forms a recess on the inside.
  4. HELM ROOF – Bulbous termination to the top of a tower, found principally in Central & Eastern Europe.
  5. GALLERY – A communicating passage or wide corridor for pictures and statues.  An upper storey for seats in a church.
  6. STRAPWORK – A type of relief ornament or cresting [cresting: a decorative roof ridge: an ornamental ridge on a roof ] resembling the studded leather straps arranged in geometrical and sometimes interlaced patterns much used in the early renaissance architecture of England. A decorative work on building: decorative work in the form of crossing or interlaced bands on the outside of a building, especially in Tudor architecture (1485-1603). [Tudor: relating to Tudor architectural style: relating to or being a style of architecture popular throughout the Tudor period. Its buildings typically have a timber framework, visible from the outside, filled in with plaster or brick]
  7. INTERCOLUMNATION – The space between two columns
  8. CHERUBS – One of the winged heavenly beings that support the throne of God or act as guardian spirits, or Chubby, a rosy-faced child with wings. An angel of second order: an angel, specifically one belonging to the second order of angels in the celestial hierarchy whose distinctive attribute is knowledge. Arts depiction of angel: an angel depicted as a chubby-faced child with wings, sometimes simply as a child’s head above a pair of wings
  9. TERRA-COTA – Earth-baked (unglazed) or burnt in moulds.  For use in construction, harder in quality than brick. [brownish red color]
  10. HERALDIC – A coat of arms; connected with heraldry or heralds: belonging or relating to heraldry or heralds 
  11. PLATERESQUE – Phase of the early period of Spanish architecture of the later 15th and early 16th century, an intricate style named after its likeness to silverwork; elaborately decorated: relating to a heavily decorated architectural style fashionable in 16th-century Spain, reminiscent of elaborate silverware
  12. PULPIT – An elevated enclosed stand in a CHURCH in which the preacher stands.
  13. BELVEDERE – A roofed but open-sided structure affording an extensive view, usually located at the rooftop of a dwelling but sometimes an independent building or an eminence (a hill) on a formal garden; a building with fine view: a building or part of a building positioned to offer a fine view of the surrounding area 
  14. CHURRIGUERESQUE – An expression of Spanish baroque architecture and sculpture, a recurrent feature was the richly garlanded spiral columns. [flamboyant-showy; brightly colored; highly decorated ornamentation]
  15. CANDELABRA – A movable candle lamp-stand with central shaft, and often branches or decorative representation thereof; a branching light fitting: a large decorative candle holder with several arms or branches, or a similarly shaped electric light fitting
  16. FRETWORK – (grating: metal grille) an ornament in classic or renaissance architecture consisting of an assembly of straight lines intersecting at right angles, and of various patterns.
M H J O G K L P D E B F I C A N
  1. WATA-DAGE – Outstanding architectural creation in Sri Lanka which is a circular relic house built in stone and brick.
  2. TUDOR-REVIVAL – Picturesque composition built in America since 1980.  Hall timbering and massive medieval chimney.  Identified by prominent gables and large expansive windows with small panes.
  3. TORUS – a large convex moulding used principally in the bases of columns.
  4. PAGODA – Most typical Chinese building, usually octagonal in plan, odd number o stories usually 9 or 13 storeys and repeated roofs, highly colored and with upturned eaves, slopes to each storey.
  5. BUNGALOW – One storey with low-overhanging roof and broad front porch.  Unpretentious style often rambling spread out floor plan, more expensive to build; lightweight tropical house: a simply-built one-storey house with a veranda and a wide, gently sloping roof in Southeast Asia and the South Pacific
  6. FAIENCE – A glazed earth ware originally made in Italy; pottery with colored glaze: earthenware decorated with colored opaque metallic glazes (often used before a noun)
  7. STAMBAS/ LATHS – Monumental pillars standing free without any structural function, with circular or octagonal shafts with inscriptions carved in it.  The capital was bell-shaped and crowned with animal supported bearing the Buddhist will of Law.
  8. GREAT WALL – Most famous of ancient Chinese building undertakings.  It snakes, loops, and doubles back on itself.  Meandering across valleys, plains, scaling mountains, plunging into deep gorges and leaping raging rivers of 3,700 miles.
  9. ART NOVEAU – An art free from any historical style characterized by forms of nature for ornamentation in the façade aptly called for the floral design.
  10. BAUHAUS – a school founded by Gropius in 1919, developing a form of training intended to relate art and architecture to technology and the practical needs of human life.
  11. FENESTRATION – The arrangement and design of windows in a building.
  12. ARCHITECTONIC – Relating or conforming to technical architectural principles.
  13. RARHS – Rock-cut temples in India
  14. SPACE-FRAME – A structural system consisting of trusses in two directions rigidly connected at their intersections.  A rectangular shape is formed where the top and bottom chords of the trusses are directly above & below one another.
  15. BALOON-FRAME – a type of timber framing in America about 1820s wherein it owes its strength to the walls, roof acting as diaphragms, and not on the post.  It is an extension of the roof.
  16. PAILOU – A Chinese ceremonial gateway erected in memory of an eminent person.
F K E G B H J I L D A C O P N M
  1. BONSAI – A dwarf tree which is a perfect reflection of Japanese culture.
  2. ANTILLAN HOUSE – An elegant two storey, rectangular town house with a massive stone first floor, and a light and airy second floor, mother-of-pearl or “capiz” windows and picturesque wide tile roof.  Entrance is of Heavy plank door with wrought iron or brass nails, sturdy balustrades of wood or iron grilles below windows to let in cool air.
  3. BELVEDERE – An open-roofed gallery in an upper storey built for giving a view of the scenery.
  4. TEA HOUSE – In Japan, a structure where the appreciation of the arts and flower arrangement, with drinking ceremony is done.
  5. KEN – Intercolumniation is regulated by this standard of Japanese measurement, which is divided into 20 parts called minutes and each minute being again divided into 20 parts or seconds of space.
  6. IFUGAO/BONTOC HOUSE – Cordillera one room house on four wooden posts with an animal or insect barrier and a pyramidal roof Cogon grass built without nails.
  7. NIPA HOUSE – A house with a prow-like (front of ship) majestic roof, the polychrome, extravagant wooden carvings derived from the Malay Mythical bird the “Sari Manok” The silken Muslim canopies in the Interiors.  The protruding ends of floor beams are decorated with intricate carvings.
  8. MARANAO HOUSE – Lowlands area house with pithed roof, made of bamboo poles, thatch roof with woven slit canes for walls and split bamboo slats flooring.
  9. IVATAN HOUSE – Made of 0.75 m. thick stone of lime wall with thick thatched roof made of several layers of cogon and held together by seasoned sticks or reeds and rattan to withstand fiercest typhoons in the north.
  10. LOGGIA – An arcade of roofed gallery built into or projecting from the side of a building particularly one overlooking an open court.  A covered balcony and walkway: a covered open-sided walkway, often with arches, along one side of a building
  11. IRIMOYA GABLE – Japanese dominant roofs characterized by their exquisite curvature, and are supported upon a succession of simple or compound brackets.  The upper part of the roof is terminated by a gable placed vertically above the end walls, while the lower part of the main roof is carried round the ends of the building in a hipped form.
  12. TORII – Shinto temples (Shinto-Japanese religion) are characterized by this gateway formed by upright posts supporting two or more horizontal beams.
  13. TROMPE L’ OEIL – “Fool the eye” – are paintings adorning everything from cabinets to cupboards, fire screen to dishwashers.  This creates an illusion of space. A make-believe doorway for example extends a hall.  A glass cabinet or door is painted with cows and chicken and make-believe or create an outdoor scene.
  14. COUNTRY HOUSE – A house composed of natural materials.  It is an eclectic and organic look that grows and changes with antiques and a clutter of different collections, made of rough plaster, old beams, wood framed windows and slate or brick floors. A house in the country: a large house in the country, often with a large area of land attached 
  15. ART DECO – 1930s modernist’s style of art inspired by mechanical forms and chiefly distinguished by geometrical shapes, bold color schemes and symmetrical designs, suitable for mass production.
  16. CONSERVATORIES, ARBORS & GAZEBOS – These are garden rooms.
    1. Fanciful, pre-fabricated models attached to the houses, filled with wrought iron or wicker furniture exotic plants and birds.
    2. These are open spaces with seating areas beneath wood rafters or leaf-entwined plants. ( a shady place: a shaded place formed by the leaves and branches of trees and plants that interweave naturally or are trained to grow around a trellis )
    3. A roof place, shaded from the sun, to read or to entertain and enjoy the view.

ARCHITECTS & BUILDINGS DESIGNED
E k h p a i c j m o l n b f d g
  1. LEVER HOUSE
·    Skidmore, Owings & Merril
  1. CHRYSLER BUILDING, NY
·    Willian Van Alen
  1. GEODESIC DOME
·    Buckminster Fuller
  1. SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE
·    Jorn Utzon
  1. SOLOMON GUGGENHEIM MUSEUM
·    Frank Lloyd Wright
  1. PARLIAMENT BUILDINGS, BRAZIL
·    Lucio Costa & Oscar Nimeyer
  1. BAUHAUS BLDG, GERMANY
·    Walter Gropius
  1. EINSTEIN TOWER
·    Eirch Mendelsohn
  1. CHAPEL OF NOTRE DAME
·    Le Corbosier
  1. CULTURAL CENTER OF THE PHILIPPINES
·    Leandro Locsin
  1. TAHANANG FILIPINO/ COCONUT PALACE
·    Francisco “bobby” Mañosa
  1. ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK OF THE PHILIPPINES
·    CC. De Castro
  1. SAN MIGUEL CORP. BUILDING
·    Manuel Mañosa
  1. BANK OF CHINA, HK
·    I.M. Pei
  1. TWA KENNEDY AIRPORT, NY
·    Eero Saarinen
  1. AT&T BLDG, NY
·    Philip Johnson

FAMOUS DICTUMS/PHILOSOPHIES/SAYINGS

  1. “FORM FOLLOWS FUNCTION”
---      Louis Sullivan
  1. “FORM DOES NOT NECESSARILY FOLLOW FUNCTION”
---      Antonio Gaudi
  1. “ART & ARCHITECTURE, THE NEW UNITY”
---      Walter Gropius
  1. “A HOUSE IN A HOUSE”
---      Louis Kahn
  1. “CUBE WITHIN A CUBE’
---      Le Corbusier
  1. “A BRIDGE IS LIKE A HOUSE”
---      Robert Maillart
  1. “LESS IS MORE”
---      Ludwig Mies Van Derohe
  1. “FUNCTION INFLUENCE BUT DOES NOT DICTATE FORM”
---      Eero Saarinen
  1. “MODERN ARCHITECTURE NEED NOT BE WESTERN”
---      Kenzo Tange
  1. “ARCHITECTURE MUST MEET 3 REQUIREMENTS: STENGTH, BEAUTY, UNITY”
---      Marcus Vitruvius Pocio



STOA; patio (Spanish outdoor living or dining);VERANDAH (a porch or balcony for summer leisure); LOGGIA
PINNACLE;
Turret(medieval) ; minaret (Islamic);steeple (church tower & spire)(term use for spire crowned towers)
Pinnacle(highest point); fleche (a church spire); spire (tapering termination of a gothic church tower); finial (a design at the top of a spire)
Boss (vaulted or flat); groin (vaulted only)
Quoins (just a corner stone) vs. squinch (structural arch to support a dome)
Foyer; vestibule; lobby

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

 EGYPTIAN ARCH’RE – 3rd MIL. BC.
-          THE ARCHITECTURE OF EGYPT FROM THE 3rd. MILLENIUM B.C. TO THE          
       ROMAN PERIOD. ITS MOST OUTSTANDING ACHIEVEMENTS ARE ITS                               
       MASSIVE FUNERARY MONUMENTS & TEMPLES BUILT OF STONE FOR    
       PERMANENCE, FEATURING ONLY POST-AND-LINTEL CONSTRUCTION
       & CORBEL VAULTS W/ OUT ARCHES & VAULTING.

WEST ASIATIC ARCH’RE

1.       ASSYRIAN
2.       BABYLONIAN
3.       PERSIAN

ANCIENT NEAR EAST ARCH’RE

1.       EARLY MESOPOTAMIAN  - 5th  -2nd MIL. B.C.
2.       ASSYRIAN & BABYLONIAN   - 1859-539 B.C.

CLASSICAL ARCHI’RE

-          THE ARCH’RE OF HELLENIC GREECE & IMPERIAL ROME ON W/C THE
ITALIAN RENAISSANCE & SUBSEQUENT STYLES SUCH AS THE BAROQUE
& THE CLASSICAL REVIVAL BASED THEIR DEV’T.
-          THE ARCH’RE ORIGINATING IN ANCIENT GREECE OR ROME, THE RULES
& FORMS OF W/C WERE REVIVED BASED TO ESTABLISH THE RENAISSANCE
IN EUROPE IN THE 15th & 16Th CENTURIES.
                      1.    a. AEGEN           - 3,000-1,100 B.C.
                             b. GREEK           - 650 –30 B.C.
                      2.    a. ETRUSCAN    - 750-100 B.C.
                             b. ROMAN          - 300 B.C.-300 A.D.

EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCH’RE   - 313-800 A.D.
-          THE FINAL PHASE OF ROMAN ARCH’RE FROM THE 4th  TO THE 6th CENT.,
PRIMARILY IN CHURCH BUILDING. COEVAL W/ & RELATED TO THE RISE
OF BYZANTINE ARCH’RE.

BYZANTINE ARCH’RE    - 330-1453
-          THE ARCH’RE OF THE BYZANTINE OF EASTERN ROMAN EMPIRE W/C
DEV’P FROM EARLY CHRISTIAN & LATE ROMAN ANTECEDENTS IN THE
4Th CENT. ,  FLOURISHED PRINCIPALLY IN GREECE, BUT SPREAD WIDELY
& LASTED THRU-OUT THE MIDDLE AGES UNTIL THE FALL OF CONS-
TANTINOPLE TO THE TURKS (1453).
-          IT IS CHARACTERIZED BY LARGE PENDENTIVE-SUPPORTED DOMES,
ROUND ARCHES & ELABORATE COLUMNS, RICHNESS IN DECORATIVE
ELEMENTS, & COLOR.

ISLAMIC ARCH’RE – 7th CENT.


ROMANESQUE –  9th  – 12th CENT.
-          THE STYLE EMERGING IN WESTERN EUROPE, BASED ON ROMAN &
BYZANTINE ELEMENTS, CHARACTERIZED BY CLEAR PLANS, MASSIVE
ARTICULATED WALL STRUCTURES, ROUND ARCHES, & POWERFUL VAULTS, & LASTING UNTIL THE ADVENT OF GOTHIC ARCH’RE IN THE
MIDDLE OF THE 12th  CENT.


GOTHIC ARCH’RE – 12th.  – 15th.  CENT.
-          THE ARCH’L STYLE OF THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES IN WESTERN EUROPE,
W/C EMERGED FROM ROMANESQUE & BYZANTINE FORMS IN FRANCE
DURING THE LATER 12th  CENT. ITS GREAT WORKS ARE CATHEDRALS,
-          CHARACTERIZED BY POINTED ARCH, THE GRADUAL REDUCTION OF
THE WALLS TO A SYSTEM OF RICHLY DECORATED FENESTRATION.
GOTHIC LASTED UNTIL THE 16th CENT. ,  WHEN IT SUCCEEDED BY THE
CLASSICAL FORMS OF THE RENAISSANCE.
1.       FRANCE
a.  EARLY PHASE                        - 12th CENT.
                           b.  NIDDLE PHASE (RAYONNANT – 13th – 14th CENT.
                           c. LATE PHASE (FLAMBOYANT)   - LATE 15th CENT.

                     RAYONANNT –  CHARACTERIZED BY RADIATING LINES OF TRACERY.
                     FL AMBOYANT –  CHARATERIZED BYFLOWING A FLAME-LIKE TRACERY.
                    2.     GERMANY  a. EARLY GOTHIC   b. HIGH GOTHIC   c.  LATEN GOTHIC

RENNAISANCE ARCH’RE  -  15th – 19th CENT.

-          REFERS DIRECTLY TO THE RESTORATION OF ANCIENT ROMAN STANDARDS AND MOTIFS IN ITALY DURING THWE 15th  & 16th CENT. IN ARCH’RE, THE TERM DESCRIBES THE REVIVAL OF CLASSICAL FORMS & THEIR INERPRETATIONS W/C SPREAD THRU-OUT WESTERN EUROPE
& BEYOND IN SUBSEQUENT CENTURIES.(REBIRTH)
-          CHARACTERIZED BY THE USE OF THE CLASSICAL ORDERS, ROUND
ARCHES, &  SYMMETRICAL COMPOSITION.
1.        ITALY
a.  EARLY RENNAISANCE                                            - 15th   CENT.

                             b.  HIGH RENNAISANCE & PHOTO BAROQUE        - 16th   CENT. 

                                                 (PALLADISM)                  (MANNERISM)  

                              c.  BAROQUE                                                                  - 1750-1830  (17th   CENT)

                      PALLADISM – A MODE OF BLDG FOLLOWING THE STRICT ROMAN FORMS, A
                                  SET FORTH IN THE PUBLICATIONS OF THE ITALIAN REN. ARCH’T.
                                  ANDREA PALLADIO (1508-1580). STYLE BASED ON A CLOSED STUDY OF
                                  ANTIQUITY.
                 
                      MANNERISM  - TRANSITIONAL STYLE IN ARCH’RE & THE ARTS IN THE LATE
                                  16th. CENT, CHARATERIZED IN ARCH’RE  BY UNCOVENTIONAL USE OF
                                  CLASSICAL ELEMENTS.


                      BAROQUE – IS CHARACTERIZED BY INTERPRETATION OF OVAL SPACES,

                                  CURVED SURFACES, & CONSPICUOUS USE DECORATION, ACULPTURE,

                            & COLOR. ITS LAST PHASE IS CALLED “ROCOCO”.
            BOLD, OPULENT & IMPRESSIVE TYPE OF ARCH’RE.

                          

                       ARTIQUARIAN – THE PHASE IN WESTERN EUROPIAN RENASSAINCE ARCH’RE

                                  1750-1830, WHEN RENED INSPIRATION WAS SOUGHT FROM ANCIENT

                             GREEK & ROMAN ARCH’RE ( NEO CLASSICAL)
                  
                       ROCOCO – ( FR. ROCALLE – ROCKWORK) A TERM APPLIED TO TYPE OF
                                  RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT IN W/C ROCK-LIKE FORMS, FANTASTIC
                                  SCROLLS, & CRIMPED SHELLS ARE WORK UP TOGETHER IN A PRO-
                                  FUSION & COMFUSION OF DETAIL OFTEN W/ OUT ORGANIC COHERENCE
                                  BUT PRESENTING A LAVISH DISPLAY OF DECORATION.

2.        FRANCE
a.  EARLY PERIOD                          - 15th  (1494-1589)
b.  CLASSICAL PERIOD                 - 16th  (1589-1715)
c.   LATE PERIOD                            - 18th (1715-1830)

3.        SPAIN
a.  EARLY PERIOD                           - 1492-1556
     PLATERSQUE                              - 15th-16th CENT.                                
                              b. CLASSICAL PERIOD                  - 1556-1690
                              c. LATE PERIOD                              - 1650-1830
                                  1.  BAROQUE                               - 1650-1750
                                  2.  ANTIQUARIAN                      - 1750-1830

4.        BRITAIN / ENGLAND
a.  EARLY RENAISSANCE             - 15th CENT.
     1.  ELIZABETH                            - 1558-1603
     2.  JACOBEAN                             - 1603-1625
b. LATE RENAISSANCE     - 16th-18th CENT.
     1.  STUART                      - 1625-1702 (16th)
     2.  GEORGIAN                 - 1702-1830(17th)
    
                       PLATERESQUE ARCH’RE – “SIVERSMITH-LIKE”; THE RICHLY DECORATIVE
                              STYLE OF THE SPANISH RENAISSANCE.

                       ELIZABETHAN ARCH’RE – THE TRANSITIONAL STYLE BETWEEN GOTHIC

                         & RENAISSANCE IN ENGLAND, NAMED AFTER ELIZABETH I; MAINLY
                              COUNTRY HOUSES, CHARATERIZED BY LARGED MILLIONED WINDOWS &                             
                              STRAPWORK ORNAMENTATION.

                       JACOBEAN ARCH’RE – ENGLISH ARCH’L & DECORATIVE STYLE OF THE        
                              EARLY 17th  CENT.  , ADAPTING THE ELIZABETHAN STYLE TO CONTI
                              NENATL RENAISSANCE INLUENCES; NAMED AFTER JAMES I

                       GEROGIAN ARCH’RE – THE PREVAILING STYLE OF THE 18th CENT. IN GREAT
                              BRITAIN & THE NORTH AMERICAN COLONIES, SO NAMED AFTER GEORGE
                              I, II, III, BUT NOT INCLUDE GEORGE IV. DERIVED FROM CLASSICAL,
                             RENAISSANCE, & BAROQUE FORMS.

                       PICTURESQUE – TERM IN A SPECIALIZED SENSE TO DESCRIBE ONE OF THE
                             ATTITUDES OF TASTE TOWARDDS ARCH’RE & LANDSCAPE GARDENING
                             IN THE LATE 18th  & EARLY 19th  CENT. BLDG’S & LANDSCAPE WERE TO  
                             HAVE THE CONTROLLED INFORMALITY OF A PICTURE.

















FILIPINO ARCH’TS & THEIR WORKS


JUAN N APKIL                        JUAN ARELLANO

  1. Q.I HOSPITAL                                                             1. CITY HALL MLA. W/ TOLEDO
  2. QUIAPO CHURCH – RECONSTRUCTION              2.  METROPOLITAN THEATER,
                                                                                                        RENOV BY O. ARELLANO    
3.     MABINI SHRINE, BATANGAS                                3.  RIZAL MEMORIAL (BPW)
       4.    RIZAL’S HOME – RESTORATION                           4.  POST OFFICE W/ TOMAS MAPUA 
       5.    BONIFACIO MONUMENT W/                                   5. AGRICULTURE BLDG.W/
       GUILLERMO TOLENTINO                                                   ANTONIO TOLEDO
       6.    SSS & SN. MIGUEL CHURCH                                   6. LEGISLATIVE BLDG.
       7.   UP ADMI BLDG & CONSERV. OF MUSIC               7.  SUPREME COURT 

FEDERICO ILUSTRE           ANTONIO TOLEDO

        1.  QUEZON MEMORIAL CIRCLE                                  1.  CITY HALL MLA. W/ J. ARELLANO 
        2.  OLD M.I.A.                                                                    2.  LEGISLATIVE BLDG. W/ J.   
                                                                                                                  ARELLANO
        3.  G.S.I.S.                                                                            3.  AGRICULTURE BLDG. W/ J.
                                                                                                                   ARELLANO
        4.  VETERANS MEMORIAL BLDG.(BPW)                     4.  FINANCE BLDG
        5.  ASIAN INST. OF TECH, BANGKOK                         

CECAR CONCIO                  CARLOS ARGUELLLES

       1.  BACLARAL CHURCH                                                    1.  ABS-CBN, QC.
       2.  US PROTESTANT CHURCH                                          2. DEV’T BANK OF THE PHIL.,
                                                                                                                   MAKATI
       3.  PERPETUAL HELP CHURCH                                        3.  MANILA HILTON  
       4.  UP ENGR’G & LIBERAL ARTS BLDG.                        4.  UP LOS BANOS,MASTER PLAN
       5.  CHILDRENS HOSPITAL                                                 5. UP SOCIAL SCIENCE & HUMA-
                                                                                                             NITIES CENTER

 

WILLIAM PARSONS          FERNANDO OCAMPO

        1.  MALACANANG                                                               1.  MANILA CATHEDRAL,
                                                                                                         REHABILITATION
        2. MANILA HOTEL                                                                        2.  UST CHAPEL
        3. P.G.H. – ( TOMAS MAPUA)                                                     3.  ANTIPOLO CHURCH
        4. PHIL. NORMAL COLLEGE                                                     4.  AMBASSADOR  HOTEL
                                                                                                                              ( 1st. SKYCRAPER)
                                                                                                                                                   

  DANIEL BURNHAM             PABLO ANTONIO

       1.  BAGUIO                                                                               1. MANILA POLO CLUB
       2.   LUNETA PARK                                                                  2. F.E.U. MAIN BLDG.
       3.   OLD CONGRESS BLDG. (LEGISLATIVE BLDG.)        3.  LYRIC IDEAL THEATER
                                                                                                    4.  JAI ALAI

GABRIEL FORMOSO          ANTONIO HERRERA

       1. CENTRAL BANK OF THE PHILS.                                     1.  SAN AGUSTIN CHURCH,
                                                                                                                                INTRAMUROS
       2. ASIAN INST. OF MGT.  , MAKATI        
 

 

 

JOSE MARIA ZARAGOSA      FR. ROQUE ROANO

        1. STO. DOMINGO CHURCH                                                1. U.S.T. MAIN BLDG.
 2. QUIAPO CHURCH, 1985 RESTORATION        

CARLOS SANTOS VIOLA       RUFINO ANTONIO

         1. IGLESIA NI KRISTO                                                          1. ARANETA COLISEUM
         2. NEW ERA                                                                    RICHARD KISSLING (SWITZERLAND)
         3. RUSTAN’S Q.C.                                                                   1. RIZAL MONUMENT
         4. SULO HOTEL, RECONSTRUCTION                           LOUIS CROFT
                                                                                                             1. QUEZON CITY, MASTER PLAN
GENARO PALACIOS                                                               C.C. DE CASTRO
          1. SN SEBASTIAN CHURCH                                                  1. ATOMIC REACTION, Q.C.
                                                                                                                  2. SHOEMART SM,

LEANDRO LOCSIN                                                                PABLO ANTONIO JR.
           1. U.P. CATHOLIC CHAPEL                                                    1. FREEDOM CENTER, (EDSA
           2. ST. ANDREW’S CHURCH , MAKATI                                          COR. WHT. PLAINS)
           3. N.A.I.A. , NEW AIRPORT                                           RENATO PUNZALAN
           4. MLA. HOTEL, NEW                                                               1. VISTA DE LORO, (PUERTO
           5. CCP, PICC, FAT , PHILCITE, ETC.                                       2. 1995 – UAP DESIGN AWARD
           6. 1976 – MOST BEAUTIFUL HOTEL IN                                             FOR ARCH’RE.
                                THE WORLD                                                ANDRES LUNA DE SAN PEDRO
           7. 1987 – LIKHA AWARDEE (UAP HIGHEST)                        1. SAN BEDA CHAPEL
           8. 1990 – NATIONAL ARTIST                                                    2. MALACANANG RESIDENCE
 

FRANCISCO MANOSA           ANTONIO SIDIONG

         1. EDSA SHRINE                                                                            1. ANTONIO PACIFIC
         2. COCONUT PALACE                                                                  2. PACIFIC PLAZA
         3. LAS PINAS CHURCH, RESTORATION                                  3. ALI-MALL
         4. SANMIGUEL OFFICE BLDG. ORTIGAS                                 4. CHINA BANK, PASEO DE
                                                                                                                          ROXAS
                                                                                                         5. SM

ROGELIO VILLAROSA              LUIS ARANETA

         1. TEKTITE TOWER                                                                         1. STELLA MARIS COLLEGE
         2. NATIONAL BOOKSTORES                                                         2. MAKATI MEDICAL  
         3. KING’S COURT I & II                                                                                CENTER
         4. SILAHIS (GRAND BLDG) HOTEL               PRC AWARDEE FOR 1996-36 OUTSTANDING
         5. SHANGRILA EDSA PLAZA                                              1. ANTONIO TURALBA – ARCH’RE
         6. SHANGRILA HOTEL, MAKATI                                       2. CEZAR CONCIO –ENVIRON-
                                                                                                                   MENTAL PLANNER

  HEZAGON ARCH’TS – NAT’L LIBRARY                                   

                                                        RUPERTO GAITE

       1. ZARAGOSA, JOSE MARIA                                                            1. QUEZON CITY HALL
         2. ARGUELLES, CARLOS
         3. LUCERO, EDMUNDO
  4. FAJARDO, FRANCISCO
         5. DE LEON, GAVINO
         6. DE DIOS CEZAR, VERGEL







CONSTRUCTION TERMS (VERNACULAR)

KING POST  - PENDULON                                       SIDING (EXT)            - TABIKE
QUEEN POST  - PRASES                                          PARTITION                - DINGDING
TRUSS     - KILO                                                        STUD (VERTICAL)   - PILARETE
TOP CHORD  - TAHILAN                                         HORIZONTAL STU   - PABALAGBAG
 B OTTOM CHORD – BARAKILAN , TIRANTE    BASEBOARD             - RODAPIS
COLLAR PLATE  - SINTURON                                POST                           - POSTE / HALIGI
RAFTER       - KILO                                                    FOOTING                   - BASE FUNDACION
PURLIN       - REOSTRA                                            DIAGONAL BRACE  - PIE DE GALLO
FASCIA BOARD  - SENEPA                                     NEIL SETTER             - PUNSOL
CEILING JOIST   - KOSTILYAHE                            MOULDING                - MULDURA
FLOOR JOIST     - SOLERAS                                    TRELLIS                      - PERGOLA
GIRT           - SEPO                                                                                               (KAPATAS)
GIRDER     - GUILILIAN – SEPO                             FOREMAN                   - MAESTRO DE OBRA
FLOOR      - SUELO                                                   LABORER                    - PIYON
SILL           - GUILILAN-SEPO                                 MASON                         - KANTERO
                                                                                     TINSMITH                    - LATERO
STAIR     - HAGDAN                                                 DOOR/WINDOW JAMB – HAMBA
TRED     - BAYTANG                                                DOOR/WINDOW HEAD- SUMBRERO
RISER    - TAKIP SILIPAN                                        DOOR FILLET OR        
                                                                                           ASTRAGAL              - BATIDORA
HANDRAIL  - GABAY                                              PANELED DOOR          - DE BANDEJA
STRINGER (OPEN) – HARDINERA                        WINDOW STILL           - PASAMANO
STRINGER (CLOSE) – MADRE                               RABBET/REBATE        - BASIADOR
                                  ( DE ESCALERA)                  
LANDING     - MESA, MESITA                               WATER CLOSET           - INODORO
GABLE ROOF   - DOS AGUAS                                BATH TUB                    - BANYERA
HIP ROOF  - QUATRO AGUAS                               LAVATORY                   - LABABO
RIDGE ROLL  - CABALLETE                                  KITCHEN SINK           - PRIGADERO
DOWNSPOUT   - TUBO BAHADA                          SHOWERHEAD           - DUCHA
CONDUCTOR  - ALULOD                                        SEPTIC VAULT           - POSO NEGRO
GUTTER /GROOVE  - KANAL                                 CALIKUM                    - OKUM
G.I.SHEET STRAP – LINGUETA                              CAULK COTTON       - ESTOPA
G.I.SHEET CORR  - HIERO KANALADO               CAST IRON PIPE        - TUBO PUNDIDO
G.I SHEET PLAIN  - HIERO LISO                            G.I. PIPE                       - TUBO GALBANISADO
W.I STRAP  - PLANCHUEL






CONSTRUCTION TERMS ( VERNACULAR)  

FRAME WORK   - BALANGKAS                               PLASTTER/STUCCO   - PALITADA
SCAFFOLDING   - PLANCHA, ANDAMIYO            PLASTERED COURSE  - KUSTURADA
RAMP       - ANDAMIO                                                PICK WORK         - PIKETA
SLOPE      - BAHADA                                                  SCATCH COAT    - REBUEDA
PATTERN, SCHED.  – PLANTILYA                          VARNISH   - MONYEKA
STAKE  - ESTAKA
PLUMBLINE     - HULOG                                           CEMENT BRICK  - LANDRILYO
AL8IGNMENT  - ASINTADA                                     CEMENT TILE      - BALDOSA
SPACING/GAP    - BIENTO                                        WAINSCOTING TILE  - ASOLEJOS
CANOPY       - MEDIA AGUA                                    COCRETE SLAB  - LARGA MASA
EAVE  - BIBE, ALERO                                                MANSORY      - KANTERIALASTILYAS
OVERHUNG  - BOLADA                                            MANSORY FILL  0 LASTILYAS
PROJECTION  - BOLADA                                          EARTH FILL     - ESCOMBRO
ALTERNATE  - UNO-SIN-OTRA                               SCRAPPED FILLER   - BATAK
BOLT      - PIERNO                                                      DRESSED LUMBER   - SEPILLADO
MACHINE BOLT  - PIERNO PASANTE                   WOOD GRAIN       - HASPE
RIVET      - REMACHE                                               MITTER JOINT     - KANTO MESA
SREW NUT  - TUERKA                                              MORTAR JOINT  KUSTURA
SREW THREAD  - ROSKAS                                       FLUSH         - ALAHADO
CABINET HINGE   - ESPOLON                                 FEET          - PIYE/PIE
BUTT HINGE   - BISAGRA                      
SOLDER     - HINANG
NICOLITE BAR  - ESTANYO
PUTTY      - MASILYA
ADOBE ANCHOR  - LLAVE
WIRING/SPLIT KNOB
METAL WORK, TEMPER  - SUBAN, SU
WASHER (LEAD)  - PITCHA

WASHER (IRON)  - CHAPA

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